TRACKING OF MOVING OBJECT IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

A Wireless Sensor Network is a collection of sensor nodes distributed into a network to monitor the environmental conditions and send the sensed data to the Base Station. Wireless Sensor Network is one of the rapidly developing area in which energy consumption is the most important aspect to be considered while tracking, monitoring, reporting and visualization of data. An Energy Efficient Prediction-based Clustering algorithm is proposed to track the moving object in wireless sensor network. This algorithm reduces the number of hops between transmitter and receiver nodes and also the number of transmitted packets. In this method, the sensor nodes are statically placed and clustered using LEACH-R algorithm. The Prediction based clustering algorithm is applied where few nodes are selected for tracking which uses the prediction mechanism to predict the next location of the moving object. The Current Location of the target is found using Trilateration algorithm. The Current Location or Predicted Location is sent to active Cluster Head from the leader node or the other node. Based on which node send the message to the Cluster Head, the Predicted or Current Location will be sent to the base station. In real time, the proposed work is applicable in traffic tracking and vehicle tracking. The experiment is carried out using Network Stimulator-2 environment. Simulation result shows that the proposed algorithm gives a better performance and reduces the energy consumption

Surgical glue- a promising technology for wound healing

Wound closure is one of the important steps of surgical dressing and suturing is the most commonly used method of wound closure. The process of suturing takes very long time for surgery and increases the patient’s risk of anesthesia awareness. Skin glues are a safe and effective method to close selected wounds. They are also cost-effective and help prevent infection. Ideally, wounds should be less than 4 cm, not contaminated or infected and have skin edges that are not under tension. Wounds should be closed within 12 hours. Novel methods of wound closure have been introduced to address these issues, most notably cyanoacrylate tissue glues. The evidence would suggest that the use of cyanoacrylate tissue glue is associated with a reduction in closure time and costs. On a daily basis, dermasurgeons are facing different kinds of wounds that have to be closed. With a plethora of skin closure materials currently available, choosing a solution that combines excellent and rapid cosmetic results with practicality and cost-effectiveness is preferred

One pion events by atmospheric neutrinos: A three flavor analysis

We study the one-pion events produced via neutral current (NC) and charged current (CC) interactions by the atmospheric neutrinos. We analyze the ratios of these events in the framework of oscillations between three neutrino flavors. The ratios of the CC events induced by $\nu_e$ to that of the NC events and a similar ratio defined with $\nu_\mu$ help us in distinguishing the different regions of the neutrino parameter space.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures (separate postscript files

On the validity of the ionospheric pierce point (IPP) altitude of 350 km in the Indian equatorial and low-latitude sector

The GPS data provides an effective way to estimate the total electron content (TEC) from the differential time delay of L1 and L2 transmissions from the GPS. The spacing of the constellation of GPS satellites in orbits are such that a minimum of four GPS satellites are observed at any given point in time from any location on the ground. Since these satellites are in different parts of the sky and the electron content in the ionosphere varies both spatially and temporally, the ionospheric pierce point (IPP) altitude or the assumed altitude of the centroid of mass of the ionosphere plays an important role in converting the vertical TEC from the measured slant TEC and vice versa. In this paper efforts are made to examine the validity of the IPP altitude of 350 km in the Indian zone comprising of the ever-changing and dynamic ionosphere from the equator to the ionization anomaly crest region and beyond, using the simultaneous ionosonde data from four different locations in India. From this data it is found that the peak electron density height (<i>h<sub>p</sub>F<sub>2</sub></i>) varies from about 275 to 575 km at the equatorial region, and varies marginally from 300 to 350 km at and beyond the anomaly crest regions. Determination of the effective altitude of the IPP employing the inverse method suggested by Birch et al. (2002) did not yield any consistent altitude in particular for low elevation angles, but varied from a few hundred to one thousand kilometers and beyond in the Indian region. However, the vertical TEC computed from the measured GPS slant TEC for different IPP altitudes ranging from 250 to 750 km in the Indian region has revealed that the TEC does not change significantly with the IPP altitude, as long as the elevation angle of the satellite is greater than 50 degrees. However, in the case of satellites with lower elevation angles (<50°), there is a significant departure in the TEC computed using different IPP altitudes from both methods. Therefore, the IPP altitude of 350 km may be taken as valid even in the Indian sector but only in the cases of satellite passes with elevation angles greater than 50°

Violation of supersymmetric equivalence in R parity violating couplings

In this paper we consider the violation of supersymmetric equvalence among the R parity violating couplings $lamabda_{ijk}$ caused by widely split chiral supermultiplets. We find that if $\lambda^{\prime}_{2jk}=g$ and $\lambda^{\prime}_{1jk}=e$ then the violation of SUSY equivalence is of the order of $5-6$ in heavy SQCD models. On the other hand if $\lambda^{\prime}_{3jk}=g$ and $\lambda_{ijk}=e$ then the violation of SUSY equivalence can be as large as 9.4% in 2-1 models.Comment: Plain Tex, 7 pages, no figure

Geomagnetic activity control on VHF scintillations over an Indian low latitude station, Waltair (17.7°N, 83.3°E, 20°N dip)

Using the data of amplitude scintillations recorded at 244 MHz from the geostationary satellite, FLEETSAT (73° E) at a low latitude station, Waltair (17.7°N, 83.3°E, 20°N dip), during the increasing sunspot activity period of 1997-2000, the effect of the geomagnetic storms on the occurrence of ionospheric scintillations has been studied. A total of 60 SC storms studied during this period, following the Aarons' criterion, reveals that the local time of onset of the recovery phase of the geomagnetic storms play an important role in the generation or inhibition of the ionospheric irregularities. Out of the 60 storms studied, nearly 60 to 70% satisfied the categories I, II and III of Aarons' criteria. However, in the remaining 30 to 40% of the cases, no consistent results were observed. Thus, there is a necessity for further investigation of the effect of geomagnetic storms on ionospheric irregularities, particularly with reference to the altitude variations of the F-layer (h'F) relating to the changes in the local electric fields

Development, testing and plant trails of single reagent system for coal flotation

Flotation is an important means of upgrading the fine fraction of raw coal, typically particles finer than 0.5 mm. Due to increased use of highly mechanized mining techniques large quantities of fines (< 0.5 mm) are being generated. These fines presently account for approximately 20–30% of the total plant feed. More than 140 million tones of fine coals are beneficiated by flotation worldwide annually. In coal flotation, reagents are required to enhance the hydrophobicity of coal surface. In addition to hydrophobic character, the selectivity, proper froth structure, stability and less sensitive to water chemistry are important. Water insoluble hydrocarbons are widely used as collectors in coal flotation. These collectors are basically non-polar oils like diesel, kerosene, etc. along with some frothers. Thus, it is necessary to add collector and frother separately in coal flotation. It is generally accepted that in coal flotation a single reagent system is more advantageous than the present practice of two reagent system. National Metallurgical Laboratory is involved in the flotation of coal fines using alternative single collector systems to developed specially replace fuel oils and frothers. For this purpose NML has entered into an agreement with M/s Somu Organo-Chem Pvt. Ltd. (SOCPL) Bangalore, a leading reagent manufacturer. Under this collaboration M/s SOCPL developed reagents and NML evaluated their selectivity index and application in coal flotation. Among many reagents developed and evaluated one best reagent was selected and full scale plant trails were conducted. The paper deals with the results obtained with several reagents in the laboratory and the plant trails